Assessment of measurement properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the low back activity confidence scale (LoBACS) in patients with chronic low back pain.

The Low Back Activity Confidence Scale (LoBACS) assesses the self-efficacy to perform activities in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP). As self-efficacy appears to directly influence the patient's functional capacity and prognosis, it is important to develop a scale that evaluates this attribute to guide treatment strategy and monitor the clinical course of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the Brazilian version of the LoBACS. The scale was applied to 112 male and female patients (age, 18-65 years) with specific and nonspecific CLBP. For evaluating the interobserver reliability, the scale was applied twice on the first evaluation day by two trained evaluators (A and B). Within 48-72 h of the first evaluation, assessor A reapplied the scale to evaluate intraobserver reliability (test-retest), which was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The first LoBACS applied in the baseline evaluation was also used to assess the construct validity of the scale by factor analysis. For responsiveness, the scale was applied 5 times at 2-week intervals and the change in scores was analyzed by the repeated measures ANOVA. Although factor analysis indicated three subscales, they did not present acceptable values of convergent and divergent validity. Reliability ranged from good to excellent, with ICC values of .90 (95% CI, .84; .93) and .85 (95% CI, .77; .91) for inter- and intraobserver variability for total score. Moreover, the total score was responsive in all comparisons, with no floor or ceiling effects. Thus, only the total score of the Brazilian version of LoBACS proved to be reliable, valid, and responsive.

Reliability of ground reaction forces in the aquatic environment.

The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of the kinetic parameters of gait using an underwater force platform. A total of 49 healthy participants with a median age of 21years were included. The kinetic gait data were collected using a 0.6×0.6×0.1m aquatic force plate (Bertec®), set in a pool (15×13×1.30m) with a water depth of 1.20m and water temperature of 32.5°C. Participants walked 10m before reaching the platform, which was fixed to the ground. Participants were instructed to step onto the platform with their preferred limb and data from three valid attempts were used to calculate the average values. A 48-h interval between tests was used for the test-retest reliability. Data were analyzed using interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and results demonstrated that reliability ranged from poor to excellent, with ICC scores of between 0.24 and 0.87 and mean differences between (d¯)=-0.01 and 0.002. The highest reliability values were found for the vertical (Fz) and the lowest for the mediolateral components (Fy). In conclusion, the force platform is reliable for assessing the vertical and anteroposterior components of power production rates in water, however, caution should be applied when using this instrument to evaluate the mediolateral component in this environment.

Efeitos de diferentes programas de exercícios físicos sobre a composição corporal e a autonomia funcional de idosas com risco de fratura / Effects of different exercise programs on body composition and functional autonomy in elderly women with fracture risk

Com o envelhecimento, ocorre um decréscimo da autonomia funcional dos indivíduos, predispondo-os a quedas, sendo o exercício uma ferramenta para atenuar tais efeitos e melhorar a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos de diferentes programas de exercícios físicos sobre medidas antropométricas (MA) e autonomia funcional (AF) de idosas com risco de fratura. Quarenta idosas (com risco de fraturas) foram submetidas a 35 sessões (1h, 2 vezes/semana) de treinos de musculação (GM, n= 13), ou ginástica funcional (GF, n= 12) ou ginástica aeróbica (GA, n= 15). Foram avaliadas as MA e a AF antes e após os treinamentos. Não foram observadas melhoras nas MA após 35 sessões nos três grupos. Já a AF apresentou melhoras nos testes de levantar da posição sentada (p<0,001; Δ%=-15; magnitude do efeito=-0,76), levantar da posição em decúbito ventral (p<0,001; Δ%=-20; ME=-0,62) e no índice geral (p<0,001; Δ%=-10; magnitude do efeito=-0,68) no GM. No teste de caminhar 10m houve interação entre tempo x treino (p= 0,048), demonstrando maior magnitude do efeito no GM (Δ%=-6,0; magnitude do efeito=-0,50). Conclui-se que a musculação é mais eficiente na melhora da AF, quando comparada a ginástica funcional e aeróbica em idosas com risco de fraturas.

Functional autonomy can decrease with aging, predisposing the individuals to falls, exercise being a tool to mitigate these effects and improve the quality of life of these individuals. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different exercise programs on anthropometric measurements (AM) and functional autonomy (FA) in elderly women with fracture risk. Forty women (with fracture risk) underwent 35 sessions (1 hour, 2 times/week) strength training group (STG, n= 13) or functional group (FG, n= 12) or aerobics group (AG, n= 15). We have measured the AM and FA before and after training. No improvements in AM after 35 sessions were observed in the three groups. Since the FA showed improvement standing from a sitting position (p<0.001, Δ%=-15, effect size= -0.76), up from prone position (p<0.001, Δ%=-20, effect size=0.62) and general index (p<0.001, Δ=-10%, effect size=-0.68)] in STG. In walking 10m test was interaction between time x training (p=0.048), showing a greater effect size on STG (Δ%=-6,0, effect size=-0.50). We conclude that strength training is more effective in improving the FA when compared to functional and aerobics in elderly women with fracture risk.

Comportamento da frequência cardíaca em imersão nas situações de repouso e durante exercícios de hidroginástica / Heart rate behavior in immersion in cases of rest and during water exercises

INTRODUÇÃO: A frequência cardíaca é um parâmetro de fácil utilização para prescrição e controle da intensidade do exercício. Ao realizar um exercício no meio aquático ocorrem alterações fisiológicas significativas que devem ser compreendidas para a prescrição de exercícios, ocasionando assim os efeitos adaptativos adequados. OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o comportamento da frequência cardíaca em imersão nas situações de repouso e durante exercícios de hidroginástica e sobre os fatores que a influenciam. RESULTADOS: Os estudos envidenciam que a frequência cardíaca pode ser influenciada pela profundidade devido ao gradiente de pressão hidrostática exercido sobre o corpo, bem como à termorregulação diferenciada. Em repouso, a frequência cardíaca pode variar de acordo com as diferentes temperaturas da água, posições corporais e profundidades. No entanto, a magnitude do efeito de cada um desses fatores sobre a frequência cardíaca ainda não é bem definido. CONCLUSÃO: Durante a realização de exercícios de hidroginástica, essa variável é proporcional à velocidade de execução do exercício, à utilização de equipamento resistivo, à área projetada e ao grupo muscular envolvido e inversamente proporcional à profundidade.

INTRODUCTION: Heart rate is an easy parameter to control and prescribe exercise intensity. When performing an exercise in aquatic environment significant physiological changes occur; these changes must be understood to prescribe exercise, causing to appropriate adaptive effects. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of literature on the behavior of heart rate by immersion in rest situations and during aquatics exercises, as well as understanding the factors that influence it. RESULTS: The results showed that heart rate may be influenced by the immersion due to the gradient of hydrostatic pressure exerted on the body and to different thermoregulation. At rest, the heart rate can change according to different water temperatures, body positions and depths of immersion. However, the magnitude of the effect of each factor on the heart rate has not been well defined. CONCLUSION: During aquatic exercise, this variable is proportional to the speed of execution, use of resistive equipment, projected area and the muscle group involved and inversely proportional to the depth of immersion.

Respostas bioquímicas e físicas ao treinamento realizado dentro e fora da água em atletas de futsal / Physical and biochemical responses to training performed in and out of the water in indoor soccer players

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento físico em quadra e do treinamento físico em piscina (hidroginástica) sobre os índices bioquímicos relativos ao dano muscular e a aptidão física de atletas de futsal. Doze jogadores de futsal foram divididos em dois grupos: 1) grupo de treinamento em quadra (GTQ, n = 6) e 2) grupo de treinamento em piscina (GTP, n =6). Foram verificados os índices de capacidades aeróbicas e aneróbicas pelos testes de RAST e Yo-yo intermitent, o dano muscular pela creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e os níveis de stress oxidativo pelos níveis de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e atividade da catalase (CAT) antes e após 10 sessões de trainamento (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que ambos os grupos melhoraram a condição aeróbica após as 10 sessões de treinamento. Mas o GTP apresentou maior atividade da CAT em repouso e menores níveis de CK ao ser comparado com o GTQ na 10ª sessão de treino. Concluiu-se que o treino com hidroginástica parece ser uma alternativa interessante para a melhoria das capacidades físicas e para a proteção muscular durante a preparação física inicial de atletas de futsal.

The aim of this study was analyzed the effects of physical training on land and in water (water exercise) on the biochemical levels related to the damage and physical capacity of soccer players. Twelve soccer players were divided into two groups: 1) group training on land (GTL, n=6) and 2) group training in water (GTW, n=6). Levels of aerobic and anaerobic capacities by RAST and Yo-yo intermittent tests, damage by creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), oxidative stress levels by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase activity (CAT) were evaluated before and after 10 sessions of physical training (p<0,05). The results showed that both groups increased their aerobic capacity after ten training sessions. The GTW presented higher CAT at rest and lower levels of CK to be compared with the GTL at the 10th training session. The conclusion is that training in water seems to be an interesting alternative to improve the physical capacities and to protect muscle during pre season training of indoor soccer players.

Comportamento de variáveis fisiológicas durante a aula de hidroginástica com mulheres / Behavior of physiological variables during a water gymnastics class in women

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento de variáveis fisiológicas e do Índice de Percepção de Esforço (IPE) durante os diferentes momentos da aula de hidroginástica. Foram estudadas 17 mulheres, universitárias (idade 23,06±2,05 anos) investigadasem duas etapas: 1) teste de esforço máximo na esteira (VO2pico e FCmáx); e 2) avaliação da composição corporal e realização da aula de hidroginástica (FC, VO2, [lac] e IPE). Utilizaram-se a estatística descritiva e ANOVA medidas repetidas, com o teste post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que tanto a FC, quanto o VO2 apresentaram valores estatisticamente diferentes (p=0,000) nos três períodos da aula. Os valores de lactato sanguíneo apresentaram-se diferentes estatisticamente (p=0,001), somente quando foram comparados os valores obtidos no período inicial (1,55 mM) e principal (3,58 mM). O IPE médio foi de 11 e o gasto calórico total foi de 262,10 kcal. Conclui-se que as variáveis fisiológicas estudadas e o IPE apresentam uma variação significativa em função das três fases da aula de hidroginástica. Além disso, as intensidades de esforço (FC, VO2, [lac]) obtidas no período principal estão dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela literatura para exercícios aeróbios. Dessa forma, pode-se supor que a prática regular de aulas de hidroginástica com esta estrutura, pode causar uma melhora da condição física de mulheres adultas jovens.

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of physiological variables and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during the different phases of a water gymnastics class. Seventeen female university students (age: 23 ± 3.5 years) were evaluated in two steps: 1) incremental treadmill test (peak VO2 and HRmax); 2) assessment of body composition and achievement in the water gymnastics class (HR, VO2, [lac], and RPE). Descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA with the post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls were used (p<0.05). The results showed that both HR and VO2 differed significantly (p=0.000) between the three phases of the class. Blood lactate only differed significantly (p=0.001) between the early (1.55 mM) and the main phase (3.58 mM). The mean RPE was 11 and total calorie expenditure was 262.10 kcal. In conclusion, the physiological variables studied and RPE vary significantly according to the phase of the water gymnastics class. In addition, the intensity of effort (HR, VO2 and [lac]) obtained for the main phase is within the parameters established in the literature for aerobic exercise. Thus, regular water gymnastics classes with this structure may improve the physical condition of young adult women.